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    The dataset contains maps of total % C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> plant cover, proportional C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> vegetation (relative to combined C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> cover), and vegetation &delta;<sup>13</sup>C isoscape (stable carbon isotope values) across Australia. Data are centered on year 2015. We used vegetation and land-use rasters to categorize grid-cells (100 m<sup>2</sup>) into woody (C<sub>3</sub>), native herbaceous (C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>), and herbaceous cropland (C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>) cover. TERN Ecosystem Surveillance field surveys and environmental factors were regressed to predict native C<sub>4</sub> herbaceous cover. These layers were combined and a &delta;<sup>13</sup>C mixing model was used to calculate site-averaged &delta;<sup>13</sup>C values.

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    A total of 53 native Australian species (52x C3, 1x C4) were sampled from 22 plant families and 7 growth forms along a transect in WA spanning 9.56 degrees latitude and 6.85 degrees longitude. Samples were collected using the nationally-accepted AusPlots Rangelands methodology. Samples were stored to preserve isotopic signatures and analysed using standard techniques for mass spectroscopy, including internationally-calibrated standards. Technical replicates of 13% showed very low drift (0.07).